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Practical 1
AIM:
To study different types of network topologies.
Network topology defines the arrangement of elements like nodes, links, and devices in a computer network, establishing how these components connect and interact.
Types of Network Topologies
1. Point-to-Point Topology
A direct connection between two nodes (sender and receiver) that enables high-bandwidth data transfer.
- Advantages:
- Provides a dedicated channel for fast data transfer.
- Simplifies troubleshooting since each node or connection can be tested individually.
- Offers high security with direct data transmission, reducing data interception risks.
- Performs well in high-traffic networks, with no intermediate nodes causing delays.
- Disadvantages:
- Adding new devices is complex and costly due to the need for a separate link.
- Lack of alternative routes can lead to disruptions if a link fails.
- Unsuitable for large networks due to direct connection requirements.
2. Mesh Topology
Each device is connected to every other device, allowing for fast, reliable data transfer. Protocols like AHCP and DHCP are commonly used.
- Advantages:
- Provides fast communication between nodes.
- High robustness and easy fault diagnosis.
- Reliable due to dedicated communication links.
- Ensures privacy and security.
- Disadvantages:
- Installation and configuration are challenging.
- High cable costs make it suitable only for small networks.
- High maintenance costs.
3. Star Topology
All devices connect to a central hub, which can be passive or active (with repeaters). Commonly uses Ethernet LAN protocols like CSMA.
- Advantages:
- Only N cables are required for N devices.
- Robust, as failure in one link only affects that link.
- Easy fault identification and isolation.
- Cost-effective, using inexpensive coaxial cable.
- Disadvantages:
- Central hub failure crashes the entire network.
- High installation costs.
- Network performance depends on the hub.
4. Bus Topology
A single cable connects all devices. Common in smaller networks, it uses MAC protocols like CSMA/CD.
- Advantages:
- Only one cable is needed for multiple devices.
- Uses low-cost coaxial or twisted-pair cables, supporting up to 10 Mbps.
- Simple and cost-effective for small networks.
- Disadvantages:
- Heavy cabling is still required.
- Network failure occurs if the common cable fails.
- Increased collisions with high traffic.
- Low security and slower performance with added devices.
5. Ring Topology
Forms a ring with each device connected to two neighboring devices, often with repeaters for large setups. Data flows in one or both directions.
- Advantages:
- High-speed data transmission.
- Minimal collision risk.
- Inexpensive to install and expand.
- More affordable than star topology.
- Disadvantages:
- A single node failure can crash the network.
- Troubleshooting can be challenging.
- Adding or removing nodes disrupts the network.
- Limited security.
6. Tree Topology
A variation of Star topology with a hierarchical data flow, using protocols like DHCP. Secondary hubs connect to a central hub.
- Advantages:
- Supports more devices on a single hub.
- Enables network isolation and prioritization.
- Allows easy addition of devices.
- Simple error detection and correction.
- Disadvantages:
- Central hub failure affects the entire network.
- High cabling costs.
- Complex reconfiguration with new devices.
7. Hybrid Topology
A combination of multiple topologies, offering flexibility for network expansion.
- Advantages:
- Highly flexible and adaptable.
- Easy network expansion by adding new devices.
- Disadvantages:
- Complex architecture design.
- Expensive hubs.
- High infrastructure costs due to extensive cabling.
Practical 2
AIM:
To study different categories of networks.
Network enables computers to connect and communicate with one another over various mediums. The main categories of networks—LAN, MAN, and WAN—are designed to cover different geographical areas.
Categories of Networks
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN is a network that connects computers over a common communication path within a limited area, such as a home, school, library, or office. Key technologies include Ethernet and Wi-Fi, with coverage up to 2 km and high transmission speeds.
- Advantages:
- Fast data transfer rates and high-speed communication.
- Easy setup and management.
- Supports peripheral device sharing (e.g., printers, scanners).
- Increased security and fault tolerance compared to WANs.
- Disadvantages:
- Limited geographical coverage.
- Limited scalability; may require infrastructure upgrades to grow.
- Performance can degrade with high usage.
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A MAN connects computers over a larger area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, covering a city or metropolitan area. Technologies include FDDI, CDDI, and ATM, with coverage from 5 km to 50 km.
- Advantages:
- Provides high-speed connectivity over a large area.
- Can serve as an ISP for multiple users within the coverage area.
- Sometimes offers higher data transfer rates than WAN.
- Disadvantages:
- High setup and maintenance costs.
- Performance issues with heavy usage.
- Generally lower fault tolerance and security compared to LANs.
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
WANs cover vast geographical areas, often connecting multiple LANs across states or countries via telephone lines, radio waves, or satellites. WANs include Switched WAN and Point-to-Point WAN types.
- Advantages:
- Extensive coverage, ideal for remote connections.
- Provides internet connectivity.
- Supports remote access to resources and applications.
- Capable of supporting multiple users and applications simultaneously.
- Disadvantages:
- Expensive to establish and maintain.
- Slower data transfer rates compared to LAN and MAN.
- Higher latency and propagation delays due to long distances.
- Lower fault tolerance and security than LANs.
This overview covers the primary characteristics, advantages, and limitations of LAN, MAN, and WAN, helping differentiate network choices based on geographical requirements and performance needs.